What type of research design is characterized by collecting data at one point in time?

A cross-sectional study is characterized by collecting data at a single point in time, providing a snapshot of the variables of interest within a population. This design is commonly used in epidemiology and social science research because it allows researchers to assess the relationships between different variables and the prevalence of certain characteristics or conditions within a defined population without the burden of time or the need for follow-up.

Cross-sectional studies are particularly useful for identifying correlations and trends that exist at that moment, but they do not establish causation due to the lack of temporal data; that is, researchers cannot determine whether one variable influences another over time since everything is measured simultaneously.

This contrasts with a longitudinal study, which collects data over periods to observe changes and developments. A case study focuses on an in-depth analysis of a singular entity or situation, often providing rich qualitative data. A retrospective study looks back at existing data to find relationships or outcomes that have already occurred.