What is the set of probabilities associated with each possible outcome in the sample space called?

The term that refers to the set of probabilities associated with each possible outcome in the sample space is known as a probability distribution. This concept is fundamental in statistics and probability theory, as it describes how probabilities are distributed across the potential outcomes of a random variable.

A probability distribution can take various forms, such as discrete or continuous, depending on the nature of the variable involved. For a discrete random variable, a probability distribution gives the probability of each possible value it can take, while for continuous variables, it can be characterized using a probability density function.

Understanding probability distributions is crucial in advanced healthcare statistics because they help in modeling uncertainties in data, estimating risks, and making informed decisions based on statistical analyses. These distributions form the backbone of many statistical methods used in healthcare research, such as hypothesis testing and regression analysis.