What is the purpose of hypothesis testing in statistics?

The purpose of hypothesis testing in statistics is primarily to infer population parameters from sample statistics. This method allows researchers to make conclusions about a larger population based on the data collected from a sample. In hypothesis testing, a null hypothesis typically asserts a status quo that is tested against an alternative hypothesis, which proposes a potential effect or difference. By determining whether the observed data is consistent with the null hypothesis, researchers can draw inferences about population characteristics, such as means or proportions, thus facilitating decision-making based on empirical evidence.

This process is foundational in statistical analysis, as it enables the generalization of findings beyond the sample itself, helping to establish or reject theories based on statistical evidence. It is central to research across various fields, allowing for valid conclusions about larger populations based on a careful examination of sample data.